In the formative centuries 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE, South India was under the reign of the renowned “Three Crowned Kings”: the Cheras, Pandyas, and Cholas. These dynasties ruled over the scenic Malabar and Coromandel coasts. They were notable for their engagement in trade with the Yavanas, including Greeks and Romans. This era is evidenced by the discovery of Roman coins across the south and remnants of a Roman trading post near Pondicherry, signifying these ancient intercontinental connections.
The Rise and Fall of Dynasties
During a period marked by the influence of Buddhism and Jainism, the ancient kingdoms of Pandya and Chera reasserted their presence by the 6th century. Meanwhile, the mighty Pallava dynasty emerged to the north of the Pandyas, known for their rich heritage and lineage. A pivotal moment occurred in the 9th century with the resurgence of the Cholas, led by Vijayalaya who captured Tanjavur and laid the foundation for the future Chola empire.
The Golden Age of the Cholas
The Chola dynasty witnessed significant expansion under Vijayalaya’s son, Aditya I. His reign was marked by the construction of impressive temples, although it was Rajaraja I and his successors who are more renowned for monumental temple building along the Kaveri River. Rajaraja I, in the 10th century, propelled the Cholas to unprecedented heights, extending their empire to northern Ceylon and commissioning the majestic Rajarajesvara temple in Tanjavur.
Rajendra I, Rajaraja’s son, continued the expansion and consolidation of the Chola legacy. He not only captured Ceylon but also led campaigns as far north as the Ganges, establishing a new capital, Gangai-kondacholapuram, and erecting a grand temple that stands as a testament to his achievements.
Chola Diplomacy and Battles
The Cholas expertly navigated a mix of warfare and diplomacy. They engaged with distant kingdoms, extending their reach to Sri-Vijaya in the Malay Peninsula, Cambodia, and even China. A significant alliance was formed with the Eastern Chalukya dynasty under Kulottunga I, which saw an era of flourishing diplomacy, including relations with Burma.
However, the Cholas faced continuous challenges from the Pandyas and the Sinhalese. Rajaraja II, for instance, responded with the creation of the Darasuram temple, yet the empire consistently faced tests to its dominance.
The Sunset of the Chola Empire
By the late 12th century, the Chola empire was contending with internal and external pressures. Despite these challenges, they left an architectural legacy, exemplified by the temple at Tribhuvanam built by Kulottunga III. By the end of the 13th century, the resurgent Pandyas overthrew the Cholas. Rajendra III made a final attempt to revive Chola glory but was ultimately defeated, marking the end of this illustrious dynasty.
Legacy in Stone and Bronze
The Cholas’ contributions extend beyond their military and diplomatic achievements. They are celebrated for their artistry, particularly in temple sculptures and bronzes. These artworks, which stand as symbols of Hindu theology and iconography, continue to narrate the story of their era. The Chola dynasty’s architectural achievements, particularly in temple constructions, are lasting symbols of their grandeur, primarily concentrated in the Tamil Nadu region.
